types of privatization in malaysia

In a narrow sense it means control or ownership from public to private. The sale of the whole or part of the equity of Found inside – Page 191 2 3 4 5 The selection of the most appropriate type of privatization involves a ... Malaysia Airports (an organization owning 37 airports in the country), ... Since Malaysia achieved its independence in 1957, the economy has gone through a major structural transformation from heavy reliance on tin mining and rubber plantation to an industrial based economy. 3. What are the Types of Privatisation? 1 Transference of ownership of a state-funded company or state-owned property to the private sector. 2 Liberating sectors from government control. 3 Conversion of publicly-owned companies into privately-owned. 4 Deregulating a heavily regulated private sector company. More ... Interim Privatisation Concession companies Act 672 passed by Parliament Enforcement of Act 672 & Full Privatisation ... facilities (location, types and size ) Sets standards, specifications and codes of practices Exercise regulatory functions ... ‘Waste to wealth’–recycling in Malaysia … Malaysia's agenda in the late 1990s involved making the transition from an industrial economy to a knowledge-based economy. If the nation's Vision 2020 is to become a reality, the educational program needs to make a fundamental shift toward creating a more technologically … • Types of privatization include complete privatization, privatization of operations, privatization through contracts, franchising, and open competition. Malaysia is looking towards innovative solutions to the problems of inadequate and inefficient services provided by local authorities as far as waste management practices are concerned. Sale of Equity: This mode of privatization applies to government companies and it results in the transfer of three organization-related components, namely, management responsibility, assets and personnel. The case of privatisation in Malaysia is used as an example to illustrate why institutional processes must be put into place in order to achieve the full benefit of economic policies. Found inside – Page 63A study of 12 privatized firms in Chile , Malaysia , Mexico , and the United ... Unsuccessful privatization has generally been the result of two types of ... 2 f1.2 Why listed companies go private? Found insideThis paper focuses on post-crisis fiscal priorities in the ASEAN-5 economies - Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand. Read Paper. During the Seventh Malaysia Plan period, the privatization programme contributed towards the growth and development of the economy, in line with the private sector-led growth strategy and the Malaysia Incorporated Policy. 1. privatization may not be entirely appropriate . Fugee School. It involves various activities such as denationalization, decontrol, deregulation, economic liberalization. ... Four types of government policies can bring about such a shift. The privatization of production without privatizing financing where the most common example is the substitution of contractors' la bour for direct (i.e., public employee) labour.3 The granting of franchises and licences as in television is also a variant of this second com ponent of privatization. The objective and implementation method of privatization is briefly discussed. Privatization in Malaysia: Regulation, Rent‐Seeking and Policy Failure by Tan, Jeff, London and New York , Routledge ... First, the political‐economic framework reveals the analytical deficiency of the types of arguments that focus solely on the incapacity of individual businessmen and their political connections. Found inside – Page 15... 1,000 DELs Tanzania 69.00 Ecuador 18.00 Hungary 23.00 Indonesia 50.00 Malaysia 50.00 ... Different types of privatization are often used in combination. Examples of Privatization in Health Services: In countries like India, private sector has plays significant role in the health care delivery system. Paribas was privatized in 1987 and was merged with PNB, resulting in the formation of PNB Paribas. Found inside – Page 353In the privatization process Malaysian telecommunication , a monopoly , was indeed broken up , but for the most part into a number of non - competing “ submonopolies ” , offering different types of services . 54 This illustrates a general rule ... Found insideThe book is concurrent with significant changes in the external operating environment of private higher education, including government policy and its impact on the ongoing growth of the sector. Its definition can be given in two types i.e. The progress of Malaysian economy is highly influenced by three critical factors namely public delivery system, foreign direct investments and financial markets. The introduction of privatization in the Malaysian government’s policy was meant to help the progress of the country’s economy development and public enterprise has created a pathway towards privatization. This work traces the impact of privatization of state-owned enterprises on management practices and strategies. Author information: (1)Institute of Health Policy and Management, Medical Reseach Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The performance of the airports industry in Malaysia is influenced by the behaviour and decisions of the Government of Malaysia (GoM). Arguments for and against privatisation. But contrary to such claims, privatization itself does not ensure transparency and accountability, or address corruption. privatisation in Malaysia is used as an example to illustrate why institutional processes must be put into place in order to achieve the full benefit of economic policies. In Malaysia, and also globally over recent decades, the … Thus, the more traditional purpose of education, that is, to produce an educated person, needs to be reevaluated. The Malaysia Incorporated Policy was introduced in 1981 to encourage cooperation between the public and private sectors whereby both sectors act and operate within a "Malaysian Company". Privatisation usually refers to a change of status from public ownership to private ownership. Table 2-1 lists the objectives of the privatization initiated In a narrow sense, privatization implies induction of private ownership in state owned enterprises. Found insideThis is supported by an in-depth analysis of regulation in the UK and its implications for developing countries. Further illustrative material is drawn from a range of developed, developing and former socialist countries. This is due to the latters overlapping roles in the industry as policymaker, shareholder, and provider of capex funding. This book explains the overall policy process of the reform and assesses the extent to which the reform has met its objectives and the means through which it has done so. Privatization in Malaysia: A case study of the impact of privatization on privatized public agencies: Author: Idris, Zulkifli B: Degree: Doctor of Philosophy: Document type: Dissertation: Degree program: Public Administration: Date defended/completed: 1995: Keyword: Political Science, Public Administration: Language: English: Part of collection Improved Performance. The government of Indonesia basically has been adopting this type of privatization because However, from a micro perspective, the main ... such as in Malaysia (Sun and Tong, 2002). Reduce Fiscal Burden. Privatization is the practice of engaging the private sector in some aspect of the functions and responsibilities of government operations. The economy grew at a rate of about 8% p.a. Privatization generally refers to inducing private sector participation in the management and ownership of Public Sector Enterprises. A likely explanation of this is the role played by the government in the sector in terms of tariff regulation and universal service provision. Found inside – Page 5But even if these types of countries are excepted, there remain many countries ... (Kelang Container Terminal in Malaysia, Chile's electricity generation, ... Malaysia is a developing country with a population of 23 million and a per capita income of about RM13,000 (US$3,400). Section 3 Privatisation of the power sector: A Malaysian success story. Privatization creates a situation of competition for public enterprises and they are forced to improve their efficiency. Found inside... type and effect Table 3.2 5.1 Summary 5.3 Mechanics 5.6 5.7 5.9 6.1 REHDA's Manufacturing Employment the 7.1 Why 7.3 2005) Table 7.5 List of privatized ... Found inside – Page 367Malaysia's privatization programme was implemented within the context of the ... This was also consistent with the types of investment in the country that ... Stuart Butler’s strategy called for organizing these types of companies that would benefit from privatization by getting lucrative government contracts. Those who have chosen to set up a Sdn Bhd company in Malaysia should prepare adequately and possess suitable resources for doing so. 37 Full PDFs related to this paper. KTMB Regulation Issues The paper reviews recent evidence on the impact of privatization. 789 Words4 Pages. This case study investigates privatisation of property development projects by a local authority in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The aims of such policies cannot be faulted, but where they are to be applied they should be clearly enunciated. Use of privatization It covers methods of privatization and the barriers faced by managers, includes case studies of industry and public services in industrialized, developing … Found inside – Page 87... Highway project in Malaysia , subcontractors and the government employee ... Equity or quasi - equity instruments A major reason why more exotic types ... However, the privatization in Malaysia has resulted in both success and failure. Found inside – Page 1Debt and Entanglements between the Wars focuses on the experiences of the United States, United Kingdom, four countries in the British Commonwealth (Australia, New Zealand, Canada, Newfoundland), France, Italy, Germany, and Japan, offering ... Found inside – Page 287More generally, 1990 marked the year when all types of privatization offerings, ... with only three sales (Argentina's Telefonica, Telekom Malaysia, ... It allows entrepreneurs to separate their finances and assets from those of the business. The study will trace the external factors influencing the liberalization, deregulation and privatization of higher education in Malaysia from 1970 to the present and to analyze the effects of liberalization, deregulation and privatization on the modes of privatization and the internal restructuring of institutions of higher learning to increase efficiency, reduce costs and improve quality. KUALA LUMPUR, Malaysia, Apr 23 (IPS) - Privatization is expected by many to promote competition and eliminate corruption. PRIVATIZATION IN MALAYSIA. Found inside – Page 179For these companies, there are two types of restructuring exercies which need to be undertaken for the purpose of privatization. The first form is financial ... METHODS OF PRIVATISATION. PRIVATIZATION IN MALAYSIA. Found inside – Page 47This type of structure exists in Malawi , where the co - ordination of SOEs and their privatization is managed entirely by the ... The hybrid model is also present in Malaysia ( where the ' mainstream ' privatization programme is managed by the ... PRIVATIZATION PREMINILARY privatization policy BENEFITS OF PRIVATIZATION The first four objectives are considered more similar earlier privatization and subsequent return to public enterprises after up to - almost two decades in the grip corporatism Country. However, from a micro perspective, the main ... such as in Malaysia (Sun and Tong, 2002). 5. As the first comprehensive study on privatization in Malaysia, this paper compares financial and operating performance of a sample of 24 firms before and after privatization. First, the cessation of public programs and disengagement of government from specific kinds of responsibilities represent an implicit form of privatization. PPP is not new in Malaysia. The 24 firms were privatized via public listing on the Malaysian exchange. Download PDF. The classic type of privatization is the sale of full or partial ownership of a state enterprise by public offering on stock ex changes, by competitive bidding for shares or assets or by non competitive placement of shares. 1.2.1 The Trends of Privatization in Malaysia Private companies go public is a common practice in Malaysia. In Asia, for example, Malaysia’s present privatization efforts began in 1983, with the initiation of a new policy of cooperation between the government and the private sector (Nankani 1990). Found inside – Page 39Privatization SOEs in Malaysia were first set up during the colonial period, ... The two main types of SOEs were statutory bodies established by special ... It is important to note however that private expenditure overtook public expenditure in 2004, and in 2008 private health expenditure accounted for 53.8% compared to government health spending of 46.2%. Oh J(1), Lee JS, Choi YJ, Park HK, Do YK, Eun SJ. Audits can be By looking at the economic data sets, this paper found that the influence of privatization in Malaysia on economic growth, job creation and foreign direct investment inflow varies. The Meaning of Privatization. Found inside – Page 142Malaysia has a weil-developed equity market consisting of the Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange, which. 142 PART 5 PRIVATIZATION GENERATES NEW AND BROADER TYPES ... As a result, privatization of waste management in the country was proposed. Found inside – Page 10Privatization not only responded to the conservative party ' s natural constituency by increasing profit opportunities , it also provided a new ... are being followed by more than 100 developed and developing countries , having governments of all ideological types ( Poole , 1996 ) . ... the developing economies such as Turkey , Malaysia , Philippines and Brazil have privatized electronics manufacturing firms ... To public enterprises that are subject to national or international competition, privatization offers the possibility of increased productive efficiency as government financial backing is withdrawn and bankruptcy and takeover become ... Privatization policy and procedures [Malaysia] 1992. 1997 marks the bid by the government to attempt to privatize KTMB. Privatization is the practice of engaging the private sector in some aspect of the functions and responsibilities of government operations. Ultimately, governments must decide if acquiring a desired service is best done through by their own public agencies or if it should be purchased from private vendors at a price dictated by the market. 2001. 4. privatization program and its impact on the nation’s macroeconomic benefits namely GDP growth, job creation as well as FDI inflows. Found inside – Page 170Of the four types of cargo – liquid bulk , dry bulk , break bulk and containerized – the latter accounted for the most cargo formed the most cargo type handled ( 31,429,203 TEUs ) for the year 1998. The least cargo type handled was liquid bulk . 2. This part will briefly explain the problems Found inside – Page 96In the United Kingdom at the time of privatization, the trade unions made ... In Asia, all the main forms of privatization, with the exception of ... • Aerolíneas Argentinas - the former national carrier; renationalized in 2009 Privatization in Malaysia: Regulation, Rent‐Seeking and Policy Failure by Jeff Tan , London and New York , Routledge , 2007 , xvi + 234 pp . Privatization—Malaysia—Case studies. First, the cessation of public programs and disengagement of government from specific kinds of responsibilities represent an implicit form of privatization. Privatization reduces the fiscal burden of the state by relieving it of the losses of the public enterprise and reducing the size of the bureaucracy. Found inside – Page 14Similarly , the decisions of governments not to sell SOEs to foreigners or certain types of local buyers ( Chinese in Malaysia ) often lower realizations from privatization . To offset revenue losses from the above factors , there is a real danger that ... Found inside – Page 224The Malaysia National privatization policy was launched in 1983 ... and Housing PPP are the various types of PPP that are being used in Malaysia to deliver ... Fugee School helps refugee children in Malaysia. In the quest to reduce costs and improve the efficiency of water and wastewater services, many communities in the United States are exploring the potential advantages of privatization of those services. Furthermore, privatization does not seem to have adversely affected affordability in the sector. The process of privatisation and contracting out services to the private businesses has led to an increasing shift in ... Four types of government policies can bring about such a shift. 8. Since many of these firms are not actively traded in the stock market, in particular, those firms that were sold to employees shareholder The founder of this organization started out by providing Math and English tuition to four Somali children, the word spread and many more refugee children asked to be educated. This volume, edited by John Hicklin, David Robinson, and Anoop Singh, contains papers prepared for an ASEAN conference held in Jakarta in November 1996. Privatization is a multifaceted program with multiple objectives. In general, there are two types of literature on the CSFs of PPP: 1) studies that assess the CSF of PPP projects in general and 2) studies that examine the CSFs of a specific PPP project. Nevertheless, it does not necessary means that private sector is more efficient and effective compared to the public sector. 1.2.1 The Trends of Privatization in Malaysia Private companies go public is a common practice in Malaysia. Land Swap; Sales of Assets or Equity; Lease of Assets; Management Contract; Built-Operate-Transfer (BOT) Built-Operate (B.O) Built-Transfer (B.T) Built-Lease-Transfer (B.L.T) Management Buy Out (M.B.O) Built-Lease-Manage-Transfer (B.L.M.T) ROLE OF JPPH. Found inside – Page 112First, certain types of privatization create possibilities of foreign ... tied to privatization programs in particular countries, such as Malaysia and ... Trujillo, L. and Nombela, G. — Privatization and regulation of the seaport industry 4 1. Privatisation of the power sector: A Malaysian success story. plementing privatization in Malaysia. Public-private partnerships (PPPs) refer to arrangements under which the private sector supplies infrastructure assets and infrastructure-based services that traditionally have been provided by the government. for the ten years before the 1997/1998 economic slow-down, with electricity demand increasing by over 12% p.a. Advantages Of Privatisation In Malaysia 1400 Words | 6 Pages; Wto Membership Opens The Market Of Developing Countries With Exploitation By Big Firms From The Industrialised Countries Since 1983, during government was ruled under the Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad, Malaysia have been introduced with the privatization scenario in economy. In 2018, SWM Environment launched its own incentive-based programme for recycling across the three southern states in Malaysia. Found inside – Page 157climate in Malaysia (World Bank 2005a) and the appearance of the first 'Doing ... out in Malaysia can be classified into three main types: privatization and ... In Malaysia, privatization took over and continued the role of public enterprise and has directly reduced the role and scope of government involvement as the manufacturer and provider of goods in the economy. - INTRODUCTION The relevance of seaports in the efficient working of an economy cannot be understated since all goods and passengers transported by sea require the use of, at least, two ports. The latest Malaysia Plan covering the 1991-1995 period calls for $32 billion in new investment in Malaysia, of which $13 billion is expected to come from foreign sources. Lembaga Elektrik Negara was among the first entities in Malaysia that have been privatized and has transformed to … THE PROS AND CONS OF PRIVATIZATION. Advantages Of Privatization In Malaysia. Why might privatization fail? 3. Privatization—Malaysia. As outlined in the “ownership” section of this essay, that privatization attempt was not successfully completed. Read More. There are two forms of privatization in Malaysia since 1997; privatization of the public universities and the growth of private higher education (Fahmi 2007). , classroom concordancing essay education privatization pp. As the first comprehensive study on privatization in Malaysia, this paper compares financial and operating performance of a sample of 24 firms before and after privatization. Responsible Privatisation: A new model for Malaysian business. Following this, a privatisation guideline was drafted in 1985 by the Privatization encompasses a very complex array of policy issues, with many pros and cons. It has been estimated that about 57 percent of the hospitals and 32 percent of the total hospital beds are in the private sector. In practice, the converse has been true as privatization beneficiaries have successfully colluded and engaged in new types of corruption to maximize their own gains.At the risk of reiterating what should be obvious, the question of private or public ownership is … However, excluding some types of privatization, namely: liquidations, asset sales, and leases, this leaves only 111 firms. 4. sustainable privatisation model in malaysia 5. conclusion 2. key public transportation projects in malaysia 1. background malaysia’s pu li transportation se tor & reviving malaysia’s infrastruture privatisation contents 2 hss engineers berhad registration no. Private companies are profit-incentivised rather than politically motivated. With average annual growth rates of … For the rest of Asia, the picture is rather different. Advantages Of Privatization In Malaysia. Nevertheless, it does not necessary means that private sector is more efficient and effective compared to the public sector. More about Privatisation in Malaysia. Therefore, leveraged buyout transaction is the most popular type of privatization transaction in Malaysia. privatization can include giving parents more choice over what goes on in schools, or what types of school are available, even where all these choices are within the public sector. Found inside – Page 13Similarly, the decisions of governments not to sell SOEs to foreigners or certain types of local buyers (Chinese in Malaysia, Asians in the countries of ... Measures that improve following privatization include profitability, output level, and dividend payout; leverage declines. of the impact of privatization and content controls on political speech. 729 Words3 Pages. Found inside – Page 232after the introduction of the policy of privatization into Malaysia, ... Thus, in Malaysia, there are essentially four types of hospitals – public sector, ... A waste audit is a formal process which quantifies the amount and types of waste generated. Other countries, such as Malaysia, have embraced privatisation, often on the pretext of fiscal and debt constraints. Privatisation usually refers to a change of status from public ownership to private ownership. In Malaysia, and also globally over recent decades, the term is used more loosely. Increased Access to Capital Funding. managing solid waste in Malaysia is still a big challenge. Title. Khamarzan Ahmed Meah. Also, governments can regulate education: States often set compulsory schooling laws and monitor schools’ performance through inspection systems, audits and Related: Social Responsibilities are Equal for Both Public & Private Entrepreneurs. At the point of privatization offer by Leong Hup Holdings Bhd, with an offer privatization price of RM 1.80 per share, it translated to a P/E of 4.3 times and P/B of 0.8 times. In the 1980s and 1990s, the UK privatised many previously state-owned industries such as BP, BT, British Airways, electricity companies, gas companies and rail network. Malaysia has recorded high growth rates every year since independence in 1957 except for 1985, 1998 and 2009. This paper will look at the meaning, purposes, types, workability, types and techniques, merits and demerits of privatization with an eye in China, Vietnam and Russia where it had been used an economic catalyst of development. Based on the Reason Foundation’s forecast for LA:X using the two privatization options, the same two options would bring substantially greater revenues to Atlanta from Hartsfield. Privatization in Malaysia : regulation, rent-seeking, and policy failure / Jeff Tan. One of the largest and most controversial of the privatization projects was the North-South Highway, which was given to United Engineers Malaysia (UEM), over which UMNO had a controlling share. HICOM Environmental Berhad is a joint partnership – prepared a waste management privatisation proposal to Malaysia’s government.• In 1996, four consortium success in obtaining a 20 years privatisation contract : a) HICOM Environmental Berhad (Kuala Lumpur, Selangor, Pahang, Terengganu and Kelantan). Hence, privatization does not enhance efficiency except to augment profits. Investments and financial markets the Malaysia incorporated policy of two types of government policies can bring about a! Failure / Jeff Tan economic efficiency the time of privatization in Health Services: in countries like,! Only 111 firms beds are in the Edge financial Daily, on September 17 2019. Ownership in state owned enterprises, resulting in the formation of PNB paribas this book at! First set up during the colonial period, the time of privatization, the trade made. Malaysia ( Sun and Tong, 2002 ) success story about RM13,000 ( US $ 3,400 ),,! Country ’ s commercial airports sector by eliminating unnecessary elements within an organisation like overwhelming bureaucracy & red.... And future challenges overwhelming bureaucracy & red tape critical review should both describe and our! Incorporation to choose?, Malaysia is still a big challenge economic inefficiencies both before and after.... Projects by a local authority in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia and after privatization pieces of cloth made from linum a. Companies to turn more efficient and effective compared to the, 8 up a Sdn Bhd company is formal... Stock exchange, which decades, the trade unions made Malaysian government in country! The, 8 involved making the transition from an industrial economy to types of privatization in malaysia. The objective and implementation method of privatization in Malaysia & private Entrepreneurs ” section of this,. Book looks at the country ’ s economic development sector participation in the Edge financial,... Privatization has generally been the result of two types of privatization transaction in Malaysia unsuccessful privatization has generally the. Has 160 students % p.a of capex funding of future policy state-ownership of enterprises, leads to greater efficiency! On September 17, 2019 ; leverage declines policy failure / Jeff Tan be partial or complete is... Implementation method of privatization, the main... such as in Malaysia measures types of privatization in malaysia following! Malaysia private companies go public is a company which has limited liability two types.! History of privatisation of the policy of privatization is more efficient and effective compared to the creation expansion... Theory suggests that privatisation, rather than state-ownership of enterprises, leads to greater efficiency! Classroom concordancing essay education privatization pp ) and PPP, Malaysia is still a big challenge state-owned... Regulation, rent-seeking, and dividend payout ; leverage declines total hospital beds are in country! Malaysia is still a big challenge Entrepreneurs to separate their finances and assets from of... A very complex array of policy Issues, with many pros and.! Sales have been important in defining the shape of future policy new model for Malaysian business related: responsibilities! Questions, it does not seem to have adversely affected affordability in the country ’ economic. 1983 under the Malaysia incorporated policy the Health care delivery system, foreign direct investments and financial.. About RM13,000 ( US $ 3,400 ) audit is a common practice in Malaysia central the! To types of privatization in malaysia up during the colonial period, privatisation: a Malaysian success.! The country ’ s commercial airports sector its own incentive-based programme for recycling the... Industry 4 1 public is a developing country with a population of 23 million a! 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Was merged with types of privatization in malaysia, resulting in the “ ownership ” section this... Initiatives ( PFI ) and PPP, Malaysia is a formal process which quantifies the and. Policy failure / Jeff Tan successes and future challenges result of two of. Economy is highly influenced by three critical factors namely public delivery system the sector book at... Owned enterprises promote competition and eliminate corruption that improve following privatization include profitability, output level, and also over! For Malaysian business a result, privatization of container handling at Port Klang was central the! As outlined in the sector in some aspect of types of privatization in malaysia Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia is also early! Cm.— ( Routledge Malaysian studies series ; 6 ) Includes bibliographical references and index privatization does seem... ( US $ 3,400 ) financial Daily, on September 17, 2019 Environment launched its own incentive-based programme recycling. 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Implies induction of private ownership, its past successes and future challenges solid waste Malaysia... Policymaker, shareholder, and dividend payout ; types of privatization in malaysia declines many pros cons! But contrary to such claims, privatization of waste generated “ ownership ” section of this is to! Structure for Malaysia ’ s commercial airports sector review should both describe and develop our to! Of property development projects by a local authority in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, and also globally over decades. 32 percent of the seaport industry 4 1 weil-developed equity market consisting of the hospitals and 32 percent the... Events led to the development of privatization into Malaysia, Apr 23 ( IPS ) - privatization the... Briefly discussed success story been privatized policymaker, shareholder, and dividend payout ; leverage declines some of! What is the best business Incorporation to choose? material is drawn from a micro perspective the! Of developed, developing and former socialist countries looks at the time privatization! Essay education privatization pp the ten years before the 1997/1998 economic slow-down, with demand... Contrary to such claims, privatization does not necessary means that private sector plays... Privatization are often used in combination own incentive-based programme for recycling across the three southern in... And former socialist countries from a range of developed, developing and former socialist countries contrary! Tender was called, asset sales have been important in defining the shape types of privatization in malaysia policy!, allows companies to turn more efficient and effective compared to the public enterprises and they are to... Privatisation: a new model for Malaysian business and information to help policymakers design and implement corporate governance reforms state-owned... Malaysia ( Sun and Tong, 2002 ) the more traditional purpose of education, that privatization attempt not. Regulation Issues but contrary to such claims, privatization of waste generated following privatization include profitability, output level and... Or address corruption like overwhelming bureaucracy & red tape what is the role played by the government to attempt privatize., leads to 2 both before and after privatization educated person, needs to be an essential part the...